Judgements - Gas bombs any details?

[centurion]

In October 1916 Special Brigade launched a gas attack on Serre they apparently used 2 inch (toffee apple) 60 lb mortar rounds and some bombs called Judgements which weighed in at 40 ;lbs What were these and what were they fired from? Where they an early form of Liven?

[dman]

Found this

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_inch_Medium_Mortar

Its primary use was in cutting barbed wire defenses and attacking enemy front line trenches, such as in the July 1916 attack on the Somme. The spherical shape and relatively low velocity brought the benefit that the bomb did not penetrate the ground before exploding. The short range was a disadvantage as it could only be used if no man's land (between the British and enemy front line) was relatively narrow. It was used to fire some White Star (50%-50% chlorine and phosgene) gas bombs during the Battle of the Somme until other specialised longer range projectors became available.

References this book

http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/book.aspx?bookcode=t1516

[Simon Jones]

Livens referred to his oil or gas bombs as Judgements in reference to his anger over the sinking of the Lusitania.

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oWx9sbaTcegC&pg=PA27&dq=judgements+intitle:world+intitle:war+intitle:gas+intitle:warfare&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zjLiUvvbJYWThgf2jIFQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=judgements%20intitle%3Aworld%20intitle%3Awar%20intitle%3Agas%20intitle%3Awarfare&f=false

[centurion]

Found this

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_inch_Medium_Mortar

Its primary use was in cutting barbed wire defenses and attacking enemy front line trenches, such as in the July 1916 attack on the Somme. The spherical shape and relatively low velocity brought the benefit that the bomb did not penetrate the ground before exploding. The short range was a disadvantage as it could only be used if no man's land (between the British and enemy front line) was relatively narrow. It was used to fire some White Star (50%-50% chlorine and phosgene) gas bombs during the Battle of the Somme until other specialised longer range projectors became available.

References this book

http://www.ospreypublishing.com/store/book.aspx?bookcode=t1516

Thanks I knew about the use of toffee apples which were still being used by some Australian units to deliver smoke as late as 1918. It was the Judgements I was asking about and I see my guess about Livens was right.

[Simon Jones]

You are very welcome, centurion.

[centurion]

You are very welcome, centurion.

Thanks