For your information: http://www.guardian....ent-photographs

Source: Bombardment of Hartlepools

Source: Hartlepools Casualties

Chris Baker's post is a reminder that the targeting of civilians and the concept of total war occurred early in the war with the bombardment of Hartlepool 14th December 1914. The Gunners of the Durham Royal Garrison Artillery engaged the German Seydlitz and Moltke and the Blucher from the Heugh and Lighthouse Batteries. The engagement lasted for 40 minutes. Gunners from the Lighthouse Battery hit the Blucher causing damage and inflicting casualties. In return, shelling of the Heugh Battery resulted in 8 soldiers killed, including Gunners Spence and Houston of the Durham Garrison Artillery.In total 127 people were killed and over 400 wounded.

Many of the soldiers who fought in that engagement would go onto to form the nucleus of siege batteries deploying to the Western Front.

Information from Portcities website: Source: http://portcities.hartlepool.gov.uk/server.php?show=ConNarrative.12


Introduction

Three German warships attacked the twin towns of Hartlepool and West Hartlepool on the morning of Wednesday 16th December 1914. It was four and a half months after the outbreak of the First World War. The attack lasted just forty minutes, from 8:10a.m. to 8:50a.m., killing more than one hundred people and injuring many others.

Reasons for the attack
Germany had recently lost a battle with the British Navy in the South Atlantic. The Germans now needed a successful mission to boost morale at home. Germany's intention was to attack the north-east coast of England. The Hartlepools were a good target because of their shipyards and engine works, which were important to the British war effort. Also the towns were only about 330 nautical miles across the North Sea from the small island of Heligoland, where the German Fleet was stationed (a nautical mile is equal to 1852 m, or 6076 ft). It was possible for ships to cover this distance under cover of darkness during the long winter nights.

The German mission to attack the north-east coast

A flotilla of ships was sent from Germany towards the coast. As weather conditions in the North Sea worsened, the smaller ships returned home, leaving five larger ships to complete the journey. The Derfflinger and the Von Der Tann headed towards Scarborough and Whitby, where their shells damaged many buildings, and killed over twenty civilians. The other three ships headed towards Hartlepool.


The German ships involved in the attack on the Hartlepools
The three German ships were the battle cruisers Seydlitz and Moltke, and the older, armoured cruiser, Blucher. They had much larger guns than the defending guns on the Hartlepool Batteries. The warships fired 1150 shells (some up to 11 in., or 27 cm, in diameter) into the Hartlepools. The two coastal defence batteries on the Heugh managed to return fire with 123 shells, the largest of which was 6 in.(15 cm) in diameter.


The Hartlepools' defences

The Hartlepool coastline was defended by four destroyers, two light cruisers and a submarine. Two gun batteries defended the towns. The Heugh Battery, originally built in 1859, had two 6-inch guns, which were installed in 1899.
The Lighthouse Battery, built in 1855, was approximately 150 yards (137 m) to the south. It was originally armed with four 64-pounder guns, which were replaced in 1907 by one 6-inch gun.
The Batteries were manned by 320 officers and men from the 18th Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry (the PALS), and The Durham Royal Garrison Artillery (the Territorial Army).


Events of the night before the attack
Late on the evening of 15th December, the Battery Commander received a telegram from the War Office which read:
"A special sharp look-out to be kept all along east coast at dawn tomorrow, Dec 16th. Keep fact of special warning as secret as possible; only responsible officers making arrangements to know. Troopers, London."
A postscript said: "In connection with above, the Fortress Commander wishes you to take post from 7 -8.30am. If all quiet at latter hour troops may return to billets."
The special warning was received direct. Normally warnings of enemy vessels were received through the Port War Signal Station.



The attack


Events early in the morning of the attack
At 5:30 a.m. on Wednesday 16th December 1914, the four British destroyers based at Hartlepool went out as usual to patrol the coast, unaware of the warning delivered to the battery commander. By 6.30a.m., an hour before dawn, the soldiers were at their posts at the battery preparing for the day.
The morning was cold and misty with a fog bank 4,000 yards (3656 m) out at sea off the Hartlepools. As the German ships approached, they were spotted by the naval patrol, which fired on them. The German fleet was much more heavily armed, however, and the patrol boats were unable to stop them.
On land, the outlines of the three large battleships became visible through the mist, about three miles (4.8 km) offshore. Lookouts at a coastal battery at South Gare, on the mouth of the River Tees, saw the ships first, but thought they were friendly because they were flying British flags. As the ships drew closer, however, these were hauled down and replaced with German flags.
At 8:10 a.m. the German battleships, now only two and a half miles (4 km) off the coast, opened fire on the Headland batteries.


The attack on the towns
During the following battle, two factors counted in the towns' favour. The first was the recent camouflaging of the Heugh Battery. A false extension caused the enemy ships to fire high, so that many of the shells missed their target. The second was that in the time between the Germans' spying out the area and their attack, one of the buoys in the harbour had been moved nearer to the shore. This caused the German ships to come in much closer to shore than they needed, given the range of their guns.
The first shots landed close to the Heugh Battery, killing Private Theophilus Jones of the 18th Battalion D.L.I. Three other soldiers were fatally wounded at the same time. Private Jones became known as the first soldier to be killed on English soil during the First World War. Two more soldiers were killed by the next shell. This also hit the telephone line between the two batteries, so the Commander had to try to relay orders by megaphone. This proved impossible because of the noise, so a man was sent to stand between the command post and the battery to relay orders by word of mouth.The Lighthouse Battery gun managed to hit the Blucher, killing nine sailors and causing damage to the ship and two of her 6-inch guns. Following this, the Blucher placed herself in such a position that the batteries were unable to fire on her because the lighthouse blocked their line of fire.
Three British coastal defence craft (two light cruisers and a submarine) were moored in the Victoria Dock at the time of the attack. The submarine was hit as it came out of the harbour, which then blocked the way for the cruisers behind it. This left them unable to help during the following attack


Run for your lives!

Some shells fell on homes, killing or seriously wounding the people inside. Others killed were caught by surprise on the streets. Up to this point none of the local people knew what was happening and thought that the noise was either the battery practicing, or a naval battle out at sea. Many were having their breakfast, and getting ready to start the day. The first civilian fatality was reported to be Hilda Horsley, a 17-year-old tailoress, who was on her way to work.

The people of the two towns were terrified by the noise and destruction, and ran for safety, clutching whatever they could carry. Some gathered in Ward Jackson Park, or made for nearby villages, such as Elwick or Hart.


The damage caused by the attack
The Germans' intention was to cause as much damage as possible to the shipbuilding and engineering works, which were a prime target during wartime. They also hit the gasworks, with the result that no one in either town had any lighting or heating that night or for some time afterwards. By the time the German ships left large areas of the Headland and West Hartlepool had been destroyed. Altogether 127 people were killed as a result of the attack, and another 400 were wounded, some suffering horrific injuries.

. The German ships made their escape still hidden by the fog. This was nearly thirty years before the widespread use of radar, so the British Navy was unable to find them. They returned to Germany to heroes' welcome.


List of those killed in the Hartlepools

Servicemen
Corporal Liddle 18th Batt. Durham L.I.
Private T. Jones 18th Batt. Durham L.I.
Private L. Turner 18th Batt. Durham L.I.
Private W. Rogers 18th Batt. Durham L.I.
Private T. Minks 18th Batt. Durham L.I.
Gunner Houston Durham R.G.A.
Gunner Spence Durham R.G.A.
Sapper Little Durham Royal Engineers